Eating a Variety of Plants Helps Build a Strong Infant Gut Microbiome

• Children from diverse backgrounds showed the same pattern — The children included in the study came from different countries, including the United States, Nicaragua, Cambodia, Kenya, and Pakistan. Despite their varying diets and conditions, one finding stood out — Having more plant diversity in a child’s diet led to faster gut maturation. Their gut bacteria evolved from milk-focused species to bacteria that could break down complex fibers.

• This shift comes with significant health benefits — It led to anti-inflammatory effects, stronger gut lining, and better immune balance. Kids with imbalanced or underdeveloped microbiomes are at a higher risk for allergies, obesity, and autoimmune diseases later in life.

• Plant fibers feed good bacteria that protect the gut — The study found that children who consumed a wider variety of plants after age 1 had higher levels of beneficial, fiber-digesting bacteria like Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Bacteroides vulgatus in their colon. The plant fibers serve as food for bacteria, which ferment these fibers into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate, acetate, and propionate.

• SCFAs play an integral role in your child’s health — They fuel the cells lining the gut, strengthen the barrier, and reduce inflammation. According to the researchers, the more diverse the plants in a child’s diet, the more beneficial compounds the gut produces.

• Improvements happened during a key age window — The study found that gut diversity increased most between 12 and 18 months, a crucial period when parents need to focus on introducing solid foods with variety. By 24 months, kids with the most diverse diets had gut bacteria that looked nearly identical to adults, giving them a stronger and more resilient digestive system.

• The gut replaces simple-sugar bacteria with fiber specialists — As children grow and eat more solid foods, their gut bacteria shift from milk-digesting species toward species like Prevotella copri that digest more complex dietary fibers. By 18 months, children with more plant variety in their diets had higher levels of these helpful fiber-degrading bacteria.

This shift mirrors the weaning process and helps the gut adapt to handling more complex, nutrient-rich foods.

• The rate of gut development was tied to plant species variety — The researchers used a DNA-based tool called FoodSeq to measure plant diversity by identifying how many different plant species appeared in each stool sample. Kids with more diverse plant diets — not just larger portions, but more types of plants — developed adult-like gut bacteria patterns faster.

Counting the number of different plant foods became a simple but reliable predictor of microbiome development.

• Local, familiar plant foods worked best — The biggest benefits were seen in children who ate fiber-rich plants common in their regions. In Kenya, this meant millet and sorghum; in Nicaragua, banana and plantain; and in Cambodia, rice and lotus root. This shows that you don’t need expensive or trendy foods — the staples found in your kitchen are enough to nourish your child’s gut.

• Breastfeeding gave a head start, but variety mattered more after weaning — While breastfed children began with more beneficial milk-adapted bacteria, the study found that their gut maturity still depended on plant diversity introduced after weaning. In fact, introducing a wide variety of plants had a bigger impact on gut development than whether the child had been breastfed or formula-fed.

• Different fibers feed different bacterial species — Not all fibers are created equal. Some are soluble, some insoluble, and others are resistant starches. Each type feeds different bacterial species. The broader the range of fibers your child eats, the more balanced and resilient their gut microbiome becomes.

• The study examined how early diet and feeding patterns shape gut health — The research team focused on understanding how different feeding patterns shape the development of gut bacteria and what this means for a child’s long-term health. Their review included standard feeding methods and special diets used in clinical situations, paying close attention to microbial changes during and after weaning.

• Babies’ gut bacteria responded differently to breast milk and formula — The study looked at healthy infants, toddlers, and children with dietary restrictions, such as cow’s milk allergy or other food intolerances.

They found that breastfed babies had higher levels of beneficial Bifidobacteria, which support gut health, while formula-fed infants had more Clostridium species. In large amounts, Clostridium bacteria are not beneficial; they contribute to gut imbalance.

• Introducing solid food increased gut diversity and beneficial bacteria — A significant change was seen during complementary feeding (the time when babies begin eating solids along with milk). After about four to six months, adding foods like fruits, vegetables, and meats led to a rise in beneficial bacteria types, such as Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae, which are linked to better digestion and stronger immune responses.

Formula-fed babies, however, showed more protein-fermenting bacteria that produce less desirable gut byproducts.

• Breastfed babies gained gut benefits from human milk compounds — Changes in gut bacteria happened quickly. In the first days and weeks of life, breastfed infants experienced rapid growth of Bifidobacteria, fueled by human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). HMOs are special compounds in breast milk that aren’t digested by the baby but instead feed good bacteria.

Infant formula lacks these natural compounds, and while some formulas try to mimic them with synthetic versions, the study pointed out that these additions are less precise and also feed less helpful bacterial strains.

• Introducing complementary foods improved fiber-digesting bacteria — Similar to the featured study, this earlier analysis also found that shifting from a milk-only diet to a diet that included solids led to an increase in bacteria that break down complex fibers into beneficial SCFAs. Foods like meats, bread, and cheese helped encourage these positive microbial changes, showing that balanced, varied complementary feeding makes a big difference from the start.

• The timing of food introduction is key to a stronger gut foundation — The study found that the largest and most beneficial gut changes happened between 4 and 12 months of age, during the transition from exclusive milk feeding to a broader diet. Introducing complementary foods too early, before 4 months, was linked to lower Bifidobacteria levels and more opportunistic bacteria that are not as helpful.

• Specific foods were shown to guide microbial balance — Whole grains increased Bacteroides and Lachnoclostridium, while reducing Escherichia, which cause discomfort and infections if present in excess. Meanwhile, meat-based foods encouraged Lachnospiraceae growth, which is known for SCFA production.

• The study also pointed out the risks of formula feeding without proper supplementation — Formula-fed babies had gut profiles that leaned toward protein fermentation rather than carbohydrate fermentation, resulting in more ammonia and other waste products that irritate the gut lining. Clostridium difficile, a harmful bacterium, was more frequently found in bottle-fed infants.

• Children on restrictive diets showed less balanced gut bacteria — The study included both healthy infants and children, as well as those needing dietary restrictions. Findings showed that kids on restrictive diets for long periods had gut bacteria profiles with fewer beneficial strains like Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. Opportunistic bacteria — those that thrive when balance is lost — became dominant.

• Celiac disease diets led to lasting microbial imbalances — In children with celiac disease who followed long-term gluten-free diets, the research found their gut bacteria never recovered to levels seen in healthy children. Even after years of strict gluten avoidance, these kids had fewer helpful species and more pro-inflammatory bacteria like certain Bacteroides and Proteobacteria, increasing their risk of gut inflammation and weakened gut barriers.

• Food allergy avoidance diets reduced important gut bacteria — The same patterns were seen in children on diets excluding allergens like cow’s milk or eggs. These children showed lower bacterial diversity and less production of SCFAs. There was a notable reduction in butyrate-producing bacteria — without butyrate, the gut becomes weaker and more prone to food sensitivities and leaky gut.

Learn more by reading “Butyrate — Fueling a Normal Gut Environment and Supporting Energy Production.”

• Longer periods of dietary restriction worsened gut health — The longer children remained on strict avoidance diets, the more severe the microbial deficits. Those on restrictive diets for more than a year showed dramatic drops in helpful bacteria and had a harder time recovering even after stopping the diet. Some microbial imbalances persisted well into adolescence.

• Processed “replacement” foods worsened gut diversity loss — The study highlighted that the worst losses in bacterial diversity were seen in children who ate processed gluten-free or dairy-free “replacement” foods like rice crackers or gluten-free cookies. These foods lack fiber and contain additives that disrupt gut health.

• Restrictive diets starve beneficial bacteria — The researchers explained that removing complex fibers and proteins from the diet starves the bacteria that rely on these nutrients. Over time, good bacteria die off, while opportunistic strains take over. These bacteria ferment proteins into toxic byproducts like ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, irritating the gut and fueling inflammation.

• Imbalanced bacteria impair immune tolerance development — The study found that children on restrictive diets develop hyperreactive immune systems because their gut bacteria can’t help the immune system learn tolerance. This might explain why food allergies become so persistent. For kids with celiac disease, this same process increases the risk of developing additional food sensitivities or autoimmune problems later in life.

• Probiotics and prebiotics had only limited benefits without food diversity — The researchers noted that giving probiotics or prebiotic fibers alone wasn’t enough if the diet is unbalanced. While these supplements offer limited help, they cannot replace the variety of plant fibers and proteins missing from a restricted diet. Real food diversity is key to restoring and maintaining a healthy gut.

1. Breastfeed as long as you can, then transition thoughtfully — Breast milk contains beneficial HMOs that feed beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacterium that support their immune function. If you’re breastfeeding, stick with it for as long as possible — don’t be pressured by social norms that view breastfeeding as “weird” or “being overly attached” to your child.

Rather, think of it as the natural, traditional design by which mothers nourish their children. Once you start solids, don’t rush. Gradually introduce foods while continuing to breastfeed for a smooth transition.

2. Start with whole fruits and vegetables and rotate them — Don’t give your child the same fruit or vegetable every day. Instead, rotate colors and textures. One day, offer carrots; the next day, give them blueberries; then try squash or pears. The more different fibers your child’s gut bacteria are exposed to, the more diverse and balanced their microbiome becomes.

3. Avoid restrictive diets unless absolutely necessary — If your child has allergies or intolerances, you need to address those, but avoid unnecessary restrictions. Gluten-free or dairy-free products without medical necessity disrupt gut health. They lower the number of beneficial bacteria and feed opportunistic bacteria that cause inflammation. Instead, focus on adding more safe, natural, whole foods to your child’s plate.

4. Skip processed “replacement” foods and stick with real food — Processed foods, even the ones marketed as “healthy” or “allergen-friendly,” are a trap. Gluten-free crackers, rice-based snacks, and dairy-free ice cream lack the fibers and nutrients needed for microbial diversity. These foods feed the wrong bacteria and increase gut irritation. If you’re unsure, ask yourself — Could this food exist in nature? If not, don’t give it to your child.

5. Use timing to your advantage — The gut needs time to adjust. Be patient and take it slow. Don’t introduce five new foods in one week. Instead, introduce one or two new plant foods every few days and repeat them a few times to allow gut bacteria to adapt and grow.

I recommend starting with soft, cooked vegetables and pulpy fruits before moving on to more complex foods like whole grains and legumes. This gradual approach helps avoid digestive issues and builds confidence in your child’s ability to tolerate a variety of foods.